Comprehensive and open model structure for the design of future energy systems with sector coupling

Energy system modeling supports the identification of the optimal technology mix to achieve decarbonization targets across multiple sectors. Especially when sector coupling is considered for future technology landscapes, the large solution space leads to a complex optimization problem in terms of computational feasibility and data requirements. The authors identify a research gap in developing an open-source model structure with consideration of the relevant future technologies of power, heat, other conversions, transport, and industry defined with a new level of detail in a sector-coupled energy world and in including detailed insights into the accompanying definition process. A strong focus is set on the transparency and reproducibility of the provided open-source structure and its flexible and consistent application to different framework families to foster the ease of applicability of this work. The paper first gives a detailed description of the model base, including an overview of the model frame definition process, the core adjustments to model sector coupling appropriately, and the measures to make the resulting problem computationally feasible. The core result of this work is the presentation of a detailed model structure to model sector coupling for a German energy system, yielding approximately 2000 processes that characterize the heterogeneous and technology-open landscape of existing and possible future technologies across relevant energy sectors. This supports energy system modelers in understanding and reproducing energy system models based on open-source data and thereby tries to accelerate the research on sector coupling and its role in the energy transition.