Contradictions and patterns of eco‑innovative strategies of SMEs in Central Asian countries : ambivalent dynamics of Kazakhstan

This research aims to identify the dynamics of eco-innovations in Kazakhstan's small and medium-sized business sectors, as well as to assess the practical signifcance of these innovations for both ecology and society as a whole. To achieve this objective, a combination of methods was employed, including surveys of entrepreneurs and enterprise managers using structured questionnaires, as well as the analysis of statistical information. The research fndings indicate that small and medium-sized enterprises in Kazakhstan are actively implementing strategies aimed at energy conservation and the utilization of environmentally efcient technologies, resulting in high levels of energy savings. This trend underscores the growing role of SMEs in the economy, as refected in the increased gross value added and their share of gross domestic product. The increase in environmental protection investments since 2000 signifes an enhanced awareness of the importance of environmental issues and the strengthening of sustainable development strategies in Kazakhstan. The results of the correlation-regression analysis suggest variability in the relationship between the implementation of energy-saving systems and the level of greenhouse gas emissions, possibly explained by more intensive measures towards energy efciency. Thus, SMEs are actively involved in reducing environmental impact and consider environmental innovations as a key factor for sustainable economic growth. The research fndings provide a valuable basis for informed decision-making in the realm of ecological sustainability and the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Central Asian countries.