Deciphering the difference puzzle of risk-sharing : a comparative analysis of infrastructure PPP development within China and US

Appropriate risk sharing is crucial for the successful implementation of Public-Private Partnership projects. However, under different social systems, the international community lacks a clear risk-sharing framework in Public-Private Partnership research. This study employs a multi-case study method to examine the practice of risk sharing in infrastructure Public-Private Partnership projects within China and the US, aiming to provide a clear risk management framework for Public-Private Partnership projects. The research findings reveal common elements and similar characteristics in risk-sharing practices. Contrary to the goal of transferring all risks to the private sector, both countries actually allocate risks to the party with stronger risk control capabilities or share risks between the government and the private sector. The US benefits from more mature policies and has a comprehensive Public-Private Partnership model implementation framework; in contrast, as an emerging market for Public-Private Partnership models, China's current laws and regulations need further improvement. The results of this study not only contribute to optimizing risk-sharing arrangements and improving investment efficiency of the project, but also promote the development of cross-border infrastructure projects, and provide valuable experience and insights for the sustainable development of global infrastructure.