Differentiated Integration in European Defence Policy and the Economic and Monetary Union

This report studies two areas of Core State Powers (CSP), i.e., Defence and Monetary Policy. The two cases have the aim to reconstruct how Differentiated Integration (DI) has developed over time in these two specific domains. While the aim is the same for both cases, the way the cases are structured is substantially different. The development of European defence is analysed under three key aspects. Firstly, the policy is analysed considering the resources invested for its development. Second, each sub-area of defence is analysed in relation to who is charged with the responsibility of deploying common resources in these fields and through what means. Thirdly, consideration is given to the extent to which the rights and obligations of these bodies vary between Member States, either in terms of a state’s overall membership of an organisation or in the variation of obligations between members of an organisation. Second, the case of the EMU is analysed under an historical perspective, looking at the developments of this policy area alongside differentiation patterns from The Bretton Woods System to nowadays