Distributed energy resource participation in electricity markets : a review of approaches, modeling, and enabling information and communication technologies

The continued development of distributed energy resources (DER), information and communications technologies is enabling a greater number of parties to participate in electricity markets. This review explores the various methods that DERs may utilize to participate in electricity markets, the differing architectures and methodologies used to model their participation, the past and future development of communications technologies that has enabled this participation, and examples of commercial implementations of solutions to DER participation in electricity markets.