Do global value chains create jobs? : impacts of GVCs depend on lead firms, specialization, skills, and institutions

Global value chains (GVCs) describe the cross-national activities and inputs required to bring a product or service to the market. While they can boost exports and productivity, the resulting labor market impacts vary significantly across developing countries. Some experience large-scale manufac-turing employment, while others see a shift in demand for labor from manufacturing to services, and from lower to higher skills. Several factors shape the way in which a country's labor market will be impacted by GVC integration, including the type of sector, lead firms' strategies, domestic skills base, and the institutional environment.