East-West migration and gender: Is there a "double disadvantage" vis-à-vis stayers?

This paper examines whether female East-West migrants in Germany after the reunification face an additional disadvantage after they move compared to both stayers and males. It employs panel data techniques to take account of unobserved heterogeneity. I find that migrant women after migration neither experience a drop in relative employment, nor earn lower relative hourly wages. They do, however, work relatively less hours and have a lower relative annual income. The results also suggest that for them, the income effect dominates the substitution effect and they substitute market work with home production, in particular with childcare.