Empirical Models of Spatial Interdependence

In this paper, we discuss the substantive range of spatial interdependence in political and related social sciences. We offer a generic theoretical model demonstrating that interdependence arises whenever utilities of one actor depend on the choices of other actors - i.e., inter alia, in all strategic settings. We discuss Galton's problem of distinguishing empirically spatial correlation from spatial interdependence, and then we introduce, demonstrate, and discuss the specification and estimation of spatial and spatio-temporal models, the spatial probit model of binary-outcomes, spatial-model testing, and the presentation of estimated spatial and spatio-temporal effects with certainty estimates