Examining the influence of congestion, industry, and green open space on air quality vulnerability in towards green development in Jakarta

Jakarta, the economic hub of Indonesia, faces significant air pollution challenges exacerbated by meteorological factors. This study proposes applying Fuzzy Geographically Weighted Clustering (FGWC) combined with Coot Bird Optimization (CBO) to evaluate the vulnerability of air quality in Jakarta at the sub-district level. The findings indicate that CBO enhances FGWC performance, revealing distinct vulnerability profiles among clusters. West, North, and Central Jakarta are more vulnerable than other areas due to increased levels of pollutants and unfavorable meteorological conditions. Notably, sub-districts with a high number of manufacturing industries (29.88 times), congested traffic (18.67 times), and low green open space (GOS) (12.40 times) show increased vulnerability. The study provides a practical and adaptable method for monitoring air quality vulnerability. It also contributes to achieving sustainable development goals 3, 11, and 13 by proposing mitigation strategies aligned with green development principles. Furthermore, the study underscores the critical role of pentahelix collaboration in strengthening Jakarta's resilience.