How to Develop a Sustainable Farmland System Integrating Production, Ecology and Livelihood Based on Wheat-Maize Cropping

With "carbon peaking and neutrality" and high-quality development strategy, agricultural is facing the multi-objective demand of "guaranteeing food security, promoting eco-friendly and improving farmers' income" in China. Consequently, a sustainable farmland (SF) system is proposed, integrating production, ecology and livelihood. Conducting on the evolution of development goals, the farmland system showed diverse matching modes in infrastructure and cropping practice. The study aims to compare the environmental-economic performance of modes by combining LCA, LCC, CBA and NEEB based on wheat-maize cropping system. Furthermore, the development prospect of optimal mode and its contributions are simulated. The results demonstrated: a) SF-ITFM has the lowest resource input, but has the following productivity than HSF-IFM. b) In terms of reactive nitrogen losses, nitrogen and carbon footprint, GHG emission, SF-ITFM has best performance. Besides, the good economy of SF-ITFM is revealed. c) SF-ITFM is considered the best mode to satisfy sustainability goals. Promoting SF-ITFM is expected is expected to reduce emission by 9.01E+07 (t CO2 eq), provide NEEB with CNY 101 billion and increase the grain production by 1,278 t in North China Plain. Therefore, the improvement pathways on the farmland and its relevant policy implications are proposed