Increasing participation in early childhood education and care in Europe

European countries have made significant commitments to expand early childhood education and care (ECEC) as a foundation for lifelong learning and social inclusion. However, gaps persist in the participation of children from vulnerable groups. These include those in poverty, Roma and migrant children, children with disabilities, and others at risk of social exclusion, who are less likely to attend ECEC and thus miss out on its benefits. The present report examines effective measures to increase the participation of vulnerable children in ECEC and includes a specific focus on children under 3 years of age. Drawing on European research and case studies, the report identifies key strategies: establishing legal entitlements to ECEC and expanding its supply (particularly in disadvantaged areas); improving the affordability of ECEC (through fee reductions or free provision); bridging gaps between parental leave and ECEC through the provision of flexible options; avoiding unintended disincentives (such as poorly designed allowances for home care); and ensuring quality and inclusiveness in services.