Infrastructures for AI in science : mutual learning exercise on national policies for AI in science : second thematic report

This thematic report comprises an analysis of national strategies and policies for fostering AI in science infrastructure, current challenges, and policy suggestions. It explores the state-of-the-art of the infrastructures for AI in science, examines the potential for innovations such as 'AI Scientists', and assesses Europe's competitiveness in this field. It is based on a survey of AI infrastructure across MLE participating countries, desk research, a country visit to Pisa which took place on 21 and 22 November 2024, and Ross D. King's expert views. It discusses high performance computing, data, and advanced infrastructure including Foundation Models and AI scientists.