The urgent need to address the twin problems of the modern world, energy insecurity caused by fossil fuel depletion and climate change caused by global warming from carbon dioxide emission and the greenhouse effect has led to among other things the emergence of fuel cell technology as a green energy technology that could generate cleaner and highly efficient energy. Microbial fuel cell (MFC), an emerging dual function, bioenergy conversion device, that not only treats wastewater but also generates electricity, has caught much attention of both fuel cell and bioenergy researchers. Until today, the commercialization of MFC has been restricted mainly due to its high cost and low power density. Many challenges still remain to be conquered, in order to improve the performance and commercialization of MFC. It is generally known that ion exchange membrane in MFC is one of the main factors that could significantly affect the cost and performance of MFC. This review provides an overview of several important membrane characteristics, which include membrane internal resistance, membrane biofouling, pH splitting, oxygen diffusion, and substrate loss across the membrane. The negative impact of these characteristics on MFC performance, are discussed. Moreover, this review concerns the types of membrane that have been applied in MFC systems, such as cation exchange membranes, anion exchange membranes, membraneless technology, polymer/composite membranes, and porous membranes. The future trend of membrane development for MFC applications is also discussed.
