Listen: I am angry!An experiment comparing ways of revealing emotions

We report on an experiment designed to explore whether allowing individualsto voice their anger prevents costly punishment. For this sake, weuse an ultimatum minigame and distinguish two treatments: one in whichresponders can only accept or reject the o®er, and the other in which theycan also scold the proposer. By an unannounced successive two-personpublic goods game, with either the same partner or a di®erent one, weadditionally explore how \having a voice" a®ects later behavior. The evidencesupports the conclusion that voicing one's outrage crowds out theneed to harm oneself and the other. Yet, this emotional reaction does notlead to increased future cooperation.