Malicious Cyber Activity Distribution, Attribution, and Retribution

Malicious activity in cyberspace comprises numerous forms, often resulting in significant consequences for the victims. According to the actual circumstances, a number of measures can be considered in response to such cases. In order to bring the perpetrators to justice, it is necessary to effectively address aspects concerning the assignment of criminal liability and the applicable jurisdiction. This paper discusses essential aspects of malicious cyber activity and outlines key attribution and jurisdiction challenges posed by such activity. Finally, the paper makes a number of recommendations for better responses to this phenomenon