Measuring the European Carbon Market Efficiency - A Quantitative Evaluation of Higher Order Dependence

This paper introduces a new method for measuring financial market efficiency: the so- called intermittency coefficient, a parameter of the multifractal random walk model by Bacry et al. (2001). As the intermittency coefficient can quantify the degree of nonlinear deviation from a random walk, we employ its estimates from financial data as a proxy for the loss of financial market efficiency. In addition, we propose a new statistical test of the random walk hypothesis. In an empirical application using data from the largest currently existing market for tradable pollution permits, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), we show that the degree of efficiency of this market remains largely unchanged over the period of observation 2008 { 2019. What is more, the EU ETS is found to be more efficient than the US stock market. This result, surprising as such, is attributable to the large share of well-informed market participants in the EU ETS as well as a lower exposure to global economic shocks