Modeling direct steam generation in solar collectors with multiphase CFD

The direct steam generation in parabolic-trough solar collectors, using water as heat-transfer fluid, is an attractive option for the economic improvement of parabolic trough technology for solar thermal electricity generation in the multi megawatt range or industrial process heat supply. But the existence of single-phase and two-phase flow in the absorber pipes of the solar collectors constitutes a challenge for the development of simulation tools and process control schemes suitable for this type of solar technology.