Modeling the interactions between geothermal energy use and urban structure

The geophysical, technological and economic characteristics of low-temperature geothermal district heating systems are analyzed and illustrated by a review of actual systems around the world. The various interactions and cost trade-offs which characterize such systems are then integrated within an optimization planning model aimed at minimizing total energy supply costs. The approach emphasizes the spatial dimension of such systems and the interface between their spatial layout and the structure of the urban areas they are designed to serve.