Optimizing regional development through smart cities : a case study of Lucknow City, India

The integration of peri-urban areas into smart city initiatives is crucial for addressing regional inequalities and fostering inclusive urban development. In the context of India’s rapid urbanization, peri-urban regions often remain neglected despite their critical role in supporting urban growth and development. This study aims to delineate peri-urban areas in Lucknow City, assess their socio-economic development, and establish links between smart city components and peri-urban transformation. For this purpose, the study utilized Indian Census data, LANDSAT 8 satellite imagery, and primary survey responses. Methodologies included Land Use Land Cover (LULC) analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and the Peri-Urban Development Index (PUDI). The findings reveal that most peri-urban settlements fall within low to medium development categories, highlighting significant socio-economic disparities. Promising trends, such as improving digital literacy and internet access, contrast with persistent gaps in governance, renewable energy infrastructure, and multimodal transport networks. The study underscores the need for smart cities to establish strong linkages with peri-urban regions to reduce intra-regional disparities. In the Indian context, where villages and small towns are integral to the nation's socio-economic fabric, focusing on peri-urban areas is vital for development to reach the grassroots level. By addressing regional inequalities and socio-economic disparities, the findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to integrate peri-urban regions into smart urban planning strategies. This study offers a foundation for developing smart villages and regions, ensuring that the benefits of smart city initiatives extend beyond urban centers to create equitable and sustainable growth.