Organisational Change: ″Top‐down″ or “Bottom‐up” Management?

It is suggested that change can be more successfully introduced from the bottom up than from the top down. Careful attention to the eeds of subordinates is not enough; the employee must play a major part in decision taking. Detailed knowledge normally resides with those closest to the work, therefore why not use this knowledge to help run the organisation thus releasing managers for the vitally important activity of gaining a better understanding of how the enterprise can cope more successfully with the external environment?