Understanding the effects of fertilization regime on the long-term accumulation, transformation, and bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in soil is essential to promote the development of sustainable management of soil P. Based on 29-year-field experiments in black soil, the compositions and changes of P fractions using modified Hedley sequential extraction method, solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) and P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge (XANES) and soil properties were investigated under continue mono maize with and without manure fertilization, i.e., mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK), NPK plus manure (NPKM). The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of fertilization on dynamic changes of soil P and its possible driving factors. Results showed that higher positive correlation coefficient between soil total P and labile P and mid-labile P fraction, and lower coefficient between total P and residual-P, respectively, were found in NPKM than that in NPK treatment. It indicated NPKM could improve the availability of soil accumulated P and reduce its transformation to stable P. Furthermore, we found that accumulated inorganic P were dominated by aluminum phosphate (Al-P) and monobasic calcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) for NPK treatment, Al-P and MCP and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) for NPKM treatment with XANES analysis. Meanwhile, the organic P (Po) was comprised of phosphate monoester and phosphate diester in black soil with 31P-NMR analysis. A structural equation model suggested that Pi, especially NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi, were the potential sources of resin-Pi. Increase of soil organic matter (SOM), organic-bound iron and alumina oxide (Fep + Alp) caused by fertilization, were the main factors influencing the transformation of P fractions. Overall, our research suggested that fertilization regime significantly increased most high active soil P fractions, especially in NPKM treatment, mainly due to the rise in SOM and Fep + Alp that played an important role in reducing the P fixation in soil. This work gives new insight on the sustainable P management, which benefits the reduction in soil P accumulation
