Smart computing in crowdfunding

Cover -- Half Title -- Copyrights -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Part I Introduction -- 1. Introduction to Smart Computing-Approximate Reasoning -- 1.1 The Necessity of Computing in Practice: A Brief Reminder -- 1.1.1 Practical Problems Generalization and Classification -- 1.1.1.1 Learning the Current State of the World -- 1.1.1.2 Predicting the Future State of the World -- 1.1.1.3 Controlling the Desirable State of the World -- 1.1.2 Computational Science and Engineering -- 1.1.3 Key Concepts -- 1.1.3.1 Sets -- 1.1.3.2 Logic -- 1.1.3.3 Probability Theory -- 1.1.3.4 Possibility Theory -- 1.1.3.5 Interval Analysis -- 1.1.3.6 Category Theory -- 1.2 The Unavoidability of Uncertainty in Reality: A Quick Retrospection -- 1.2.1 Fuzziness -- 1.2.2 Roughness -- 1.2.3 Indefiniteness -- 1.2.4 Relations Underlying the Uncertainties -- 1.2.5 Measure Theory -- 1.2.5.1 Entropy Measurement for Uncertainty Shannon's Entropy for Classical System -- 1.2.5.2 Entropy Measurement for Uncertainty -- 1.2.5.3 Entropy Measurement for Uncertainty Rough Entropy -- 1.2.5.4 Similarity Measurement for Uncertainty General Similarity Measure -- 1.2.5.5 Similarity Measurement for Uncertainty Fuzzy Similarity Measure -- 1.3 Smart Computing -- 1.4 Data Analytics -- 1.4.1 Define Critical Problem and Generate Working Plan -- 1.4.2 Identify Data Sources -- 1.4.3 Select and Explore the Data -- 1.4.4 Clean the Data -- 1.4.5 Transform, Segment, and Load the Data -- 1.4.6 Model and Analyse the Data -- 1.4.7 Interpretation, Evaluation and Deployment -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2. Introduction to Bricolage -- 2.1 Innovation and Economy -- 2.1.1 Innovation by Models -- 2.1.2 Innovation by Types -- 2.2 What is Bricolage -- 2.2.1 Bricolage Capabilities -- 2.2.1.1 Build Something from Nothing -- 2.2.1.2 Ability to Improvise