The impact of credit constraints on international quality and environmental certifications: Evidence from survey data

Environmental and quality management practices are extremely relevant for a firm's development and international recognition. However, dealing with the standards required and obtaining an international standards certification involves costs for employee training, procedure documents, and third-party audit fees that must be paid in advance by companies. This paper attempts to analyze the impact of difficulties in accessing external financing on the likelihood of possessing the standards and the certification, for firms based in 64 countries. A crucial aspect in uncovering such a causal effect is the potential endogeneity of financial constraints with respect to international standards certification. I address this issue by adopting a bivariate probit model and a set of firm-level instrumental variables. The empirical results showed that financially constrained firms were less likely to possess the standards required and the associated international certification, and that this impact was more relevant for small and young firms.