Time : working any time

This chapter explores the evolution of working time, and the growth in flexibility and associated tensions between worker autonomy and managerial control. Within many occupations, flexibility has come to define recent developments in working time, yet there remains a tension between the projected image of worker autonomy and flexibility and the imposition of managerial control systems. Autonomy and flexibility over the tasks, timing and location of work have been found to offer several benefits for workers and their organisations, including higher levels of job satisfaction, better performance, and improved work-life balance. The chapter reflects on the tension between the image of flexibility in working time and realised levels of autonomy, drawing on debates surrounding the autonomy-control paradox. The chapter concludes by considering whether developments in working time more accurately represent a real growth in flexibility or the imposition of faux flexibility, and how flexibility can be used most effectively for the benefit of workers and organisations.