Baldwin, Richard E. (contributor); … - 2006
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Real GDP per capita, 1980
O
p
e
n
n
ess,
(
X
+
M
)
/
G
D
P
0 …%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Real GDP per capita
Op
e
n
n
e
s
s
,
(
X
+
M … ≡
where x
od
is the quantity of bilateral exports of a single variety from nation ‘o’ to nation ‘d’ (the ‘o’ is a
mnemonic …