directive with the intent of increasing tax rates for fossil fuels that should contribute to achieving the EU's emission … reduction targets for 2030. Since then, climate policy challenges in the EU have been amplified by sharp increases in … electricity and gas prices mainly as a result of the war in Ukraine. Energy price spikes have led to the implementation of …

The legal and political interrelations between national and EU energy policy competencies and the actual policies are … multifaceted. In order to really understand those interrelations one has to analyse both the formal competencies of the EU as … enshrined in the Treaty and the actual EU policies with direct and indirect impact on the choice of energy sources. Member …

. Application of Competition Policy to the Electricity Sector OCDE/GD(97)132 13. Judicial Enforcement of Competition Law OCDE …. Competition Issues in the Electricity Sector DAFFE/COMP(2003)14 44. Media Mergers DAFFE/COMP(2003)16 45. Non Commercial Services … Obligations and Liberalisation DAFFE/COMP(2004)19 46. Competition and Regulation in the Water Sector DAFFE/COMP(2004)20 47 …

The energy utilities – gas and electricity companies – were traditionally regulated monopolies, but once the EU decided … to liberalise them, competition policy became applicable. The EU has used a series of Directives to set out the framework … liberalisation. …

production from the monopole activity of transmission and distribution of electricity. There are several forms of unbundling … the regulator. This paper analyzes the cost efficiency of 28 electricity distribution companies in New Zealand for the … indicate that ownership separation of electricity generation and retail operations from the distribution network has a positive …

production from the monopole activity of transmission and distribution of electricity. There are several forms of unbundling … the regulator. This paper analyzes the cost efficiency of 28 electricity distribution companies in New Zealand for the … indicate that ownership separation of electricity generation and retail operations from the distribution network has a positive …