Following modest growth of 0.4% in 2023, the Commission's 2024 autumn forecast projects real GDP to rise by 0.9% in 2024. Economic activity is expected to accelerate to 1.5% in 2025 driven by stronger consumption and a rebound in investment from its contraction in 2024. In 2026, the economy is...

National Promotional Banks and Institutions (NPBIs) are state-owned or partially state-owned financial entities mandated to pursue specific socioeconomic objectives. Their role has been widely analysed in the literature, particularly in relation to sustainable development and addressing market...

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits and challenges of a possible in-work benefit scheme in Greece. It reviews the design of in-work benefits in other EU countries and identifies key considerations for implementing such a scheme in an effective way. The paper...

The special topic examines the impact of selected factors on consumers' views of their country's economic situation, based on a supplementary ad hoc question added to the February/March 2025 waves of the consumer survey. The analysis assesses the responses at the EU level, as well as by country...

This Spring Forecast projects real GDP growth in 2025 at 1.1% in the EU and 0.9% in the euro area- broadly the same rates attained in 2024. This represents a considerable downgrade compared to the Autumn 2024 Forecast (AF24), largely due to the impact of increased tariffs and the heightened...

This in-depth review presents the main findings of the Commission's staff assessment of macroeconomic vulnerabilities for Sweden for the purposes of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances. It provides technical input to the Commission for the...

The European Economic Forecasts (EEFs) are an integral part of the European Commission's Treatybased economic and budgetary surveillance framework. To increase the transparency and credibility of its forecasts, the Commission regularly evaluates forecast performance, focusing on point estimates...

As climate change is increasingly recognised as a significant source of macroeconomic and fiscal risks, it becomes essential to assess its macro-fiscal impacts and integrate them into national budgetary frameworks. Recent amendments to related EU law (Council Directive 2011/85/EU) introduced new...

Independent fiscal institutions, sometimes also called Fiscal Councils, are an important component of any national fiscal framework. As a result of the economic governance review at EU level, the role of IFIs in EU legislation was strengthened. In particular, the amended Directive on national...