This study examines subsidy retrenchment in Iran, focusing on irrigation water subsidies, the political origins of Iran’s water crisis, and the political economy of reforms. Despite significant subsidy reductions in 2010, we argue that agricultural subsidies remained due to a subsidy coalition...

We examined whether perceived land rights—use, management, transfer, and tenure security—are associated with investment in movable farm assets. Using micro-level data from crop-specialized farmers in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, we distinguish investment incentives linked to tenure security,...

Post-Soviet countries have still been experiencing a transition in governance and institutional performance. However, such transitions are not always explained by citizens' high institutional trust, reflecting on their subjective well-being. One of the objectives of the study is to identify a...

We develop a model which shows that wages, prices, and the real per-capita income should grow more rapidly in open economies with low labour force growth. Otherwise, their trade partners experience rising unemployment and/or trade deficits. We apply this framework to Germany, which has exhibited...