The theory of values is underdeveloped within economics with very few theoretical models explaining how values are created and propagated through a population. Those models that do exist are limited in how well they explain the role of values and how they behave. This paper argues that the...

We re-examine the dynamics of returns and dividend growth within the present-value framework of stock prices. We …nd that the …nite sample order of integration of returns is approximately equal to the order of integration of the …rst-di¤erenced price-dividend ratio. As such, the traditional...