This paper investigates how so-called sovereignist parties reacted to a crisis—the COVID-19 pandemic—that the European Union (EU) managed through supranational institutions (the Commission) and instruments (the recovery fund “Next Generation EU” or NGEU). Supranational crisis management...

At the same time that differentiation has provided the European Union (EU) with tools to manage increasing diversity, it has posed significant challenges to the achievement of collective EU goals and an even level playing field across member states. In this context, European Administrative...

European Union challenges and crises of the past decade, including the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis, refugees, ethno-nationalist/Brexit movements, COVID-19, and Russian invasion of Ukraine are part of a planetary organic crisis (POC) of economy, society, ecology, conflict, and polity. The...

The research paper aims to investigate nationalism in the post-Brexit period (2016- 2021). Because of the political and economic costs triggered by Brexit, European nationalisms have had to redefine their role remaining in the European Union (EU), a necessity made even more stringent by the...

The Brexit process has not just one, but several sub-national dimensions which have not been discussed as prominently as many of the sub-national entities of the European Union would consider necessary. The withdrawal of a Member State, especially of one the United Kingdom (UK) with its very...

This paper considers implications of Brexit for a set of actors which are often neglected, but without whom the future of Europe has become unthinkable: EU decentralised agencies. It assesses the EU agencies‘role during the Brexit negotiations and those on the future EU-UK relations. It shows...

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the political future of the European Economic Area (EEA). The paper starts by providing a brief overview of the EEA (Section 2). Next, it discusses the factors affecting the future of the EEA from the vantage-point of Norway (Section 3). The Norwegian...

This paper looks at the role of the European Parliament (EP) in three phases of Brexit: the attempt by the David Cameron Government to renegotiate the UK’s membership of the European Union prior to the 2016 referendum, the Withdrawal Agreement (WA) and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement...

This research paper builds on (internationalist) republicanism and claims that differentiated integration (DI) must be designed in a way that honours the principle of freedom as non-domination. When implemented in such a way, DI ensures rather than threatens the principle of member state–and...

This paper looks into the question of differentiation in EU foreign policy. Does the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) reached between the EU and the UK in December 2020 fall within a familiar differentiation track? In particular, is it a ‘Canada style’ agreement rather than, say, a...