Looking at the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on workers’ remittances flowing from the United States, this article focuses on the experiences of two countries, El Salvador and Mexico, which account for approximately 30 percent of all immigrants currently residing in the United States....

Early this year, economic activity plummeted as COVID-19 cases around the world surged and governments enacted restrictions to mitigate the spread of the virus. Over the summer, as restrictions were gradually lifted, the near-term outlook for the economy improved and economic data prints began...

This note finds a negative, non-linear relationship between bond yield and liquidity using data on Portuguese, Irish, Italian, Greek, and Spanish (PIIGS) sovereign bonds from 2010-2015. This relationship is predicted by the asymmetric information model of bond liquidity by Holmstrom (2015) and...

The residence-based framework of measuring international exposure is increasingly less informative, as a growing number of firms locate in low-tax jurisdictions and issue securities through offshore subsidiaries. This has clouded the view of capital flows and investor exposures from standard...

Unexpected shocks may tip countries with elevated fiscal vulnerabilities into default. The literature has emphasized the role of macroeconomic and financial shocks, such as a decline of commodity prices (Reinhart et al., 2016) or banking crises (Baltenau and Erce, 2018) in shaping sovereign risk

This FEDS Note examines how different types of market participants transact in the Treasury market in the periods immediately following statement releases at the conclusion of Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. We compare intermediation patterns following scheduled statement releases...

This report provides an overview of two concepts that come up frequently in discussions of digital currencies: tokens and accounts. The meaning of each concept differs depending on context. For cryptocurrencies, the term "token" has a relatively straightforward, technology-specific definition....

This note describes an underutilized data source on international exposures of U.S. commercial banks and bank holding companies. As an example of the type of analyses these data permit, the note characterizes how banks' exposures to potential Brexit-related risks have changed since the U.K....

In this note, we empirically assess whether changes in the interest on excess reserves (IOER) rate and changes in the spread between the IOER rate and the effective federal funds rate (EFFR) have affected banks' reserve holdings and lending, controlling for changes in the stance of monetary...