I study how delayed retirements reshape firms internal labor markets, leveraging a German reform that raised womens early retirement age by at least three years. The reform increased retention of older women and reduced both internal promotions and external hiring of younger coworkers, with the...

This paper shows how changes in labor market mismatch can be attributed to the components unemployment, vacancies and matching efficiency. We find that unemployment is the most important factor and also drives the cyclical fluctuations, while the vacancy contributions are smaller and...

We document that women strategically sort into "family-friendly" sectors characterized by lower returns to experience but lower per-child penalties before the birth of their first child. This anticipatory sorting represents an ex-ante cost of motherhood that is entirely missed by conventional...

This paper exploits a unique norm‑shifting setting - a German pension reform that equalized retirement ages across genders - to examine how old‑age employment propagates through workplace networks. The reform raised women's earliest claiming age from 60 to 63 for cohorts born in 1952 onward....

This paper studies how labor demand factors - specifically worker substitutability and job‑specific skills - shape employment responses to a rise in the early retirement age. Using a regression discontinuity design, I exploit a 1999 German reform that eliminated the option for women to retire...

On 5 September 2015, the German government suspended the EU’s Dublin III regulations, allowing all asylum seekers to apply for asylum in Germany. This policy change motivated more than one million people, especially Syrians, Afghans, and Iraqis, to enter the country. This study examines the...

The past half century has witnessed widespread gender convergence across many labor market outcomes, including hours worked, earnings, and occupations. However, this paper shows that, over the same period, men's and women's sectors of employment actually diverged. We decompose the rise in...

This paper analyzes the role of health for refugees' integration into host societies' labor markets. We exploit the quasi-random dispersal policies of refugees across regions in Germany to analyze the causal effect of health on employment. Based on regional and temporal heterogeneity in a policy...

The surge in women's participation in the workforce has been a defining feature of advanced economies in recent decades. This paper explores cross‑country variations in the relationship between service sector expansion and female employment in Europe and the US. We estimate the elasticity of...

On December 8, 2024, the sudden collapse of Bashar al‑Assad's regime, abruptly changed Syria's political landscape and reshaped the return prospects for millions of Syrians living abroad. We exploit this unanticipated regime change as a natural experiment to estimate the causal impact of...