Conscious of the deterioration of the urban environment, and anxious to promote sustainable development, concerned European actors, such as municipalities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and companies, developed a new sustainable town model. Application of this model would lead to...

The “feminization of poverty” is often referred to without adequate specification or substantiation, and does not necessarily highlight aspects of poverty that are most relevant to women at the grassroots. The United Nations Development Programme's gender indices go some way to reflecting...

This paper argues that the Gender Empowerment Measure is an incomplete and biased index on women's empowerment, which measures inequality among the most educated and economically advantaged and fails to include important non-economic dimensions of decision-making power both at the household...

Both the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) represent a “false start” in measuring gender equality. This is because they do not measure gender (in)equality as such, but an odd combination of absolute welfare levels and gender equality that is not...

How should “care” be defined and measured in ways that enhance our understanding of the impact of economic development on women? This paper addresses this question, suggesting several possible approaches to the development of indices that would measure gender differences in responsibility...

Like many cities in developing countries, Sao Paulo, Brazil, is characterized by major intra-urban inequalities with respect to human development. The center-periphery spatial regimes are the most obvious spatial manifestation of this phenomenon. In this paper we apply confirmatory spatial data...

The 1995 Human Development Report introduced two new measures of well-being: the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). The two indexes were created with the intention of attracting more attention to gender inequality issues. This paper first of all...

This paper critically reviews conceptual and empirical problems issues with the United Nations Development Programme's two gender-related indicators: the Gender-related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure. While supporting the need for gender-related development measures, the...