The rising popularity of index‐replicating Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) reflects the broader shift toward passive investing. However, the DAX 40 index incorporates an active component through inclusions and deletions, which affect investor returns. While the short‐term “index inclusion...

This paper analyzes the impact of leveraged buyouts (LBOs) on the profitability of target firms' industry peers in Europe. To address the endogeneity of LBO activity, I employ a control function approach, using the European Takeover Directive as an instrumental variable. The results indicate...

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between speculators in commodity futures markets and generic time series momentum (TSMOM) traders as well as the impact of this relationship on the subsequent TSMOM strategy performance. We find strong empirical evidence across all commodity markets...