This paper uses household survey data from 27 countries to assess sex-differentiated access to social protection programs and their impact on mitigating gender gaps in the labor market. The analysis includes indicators of coverage, distribution of social protection recipients, and adequacy of...

This paper examines the current state of play and trends in social assistance in terms of spending, coverage, incidence, benefit size, and poverty reduction impacts using administrative data and household survey data from about 70 countries worldwide. This paper is the fourth edition of the...

The paper examines the social protection response to the COVID-19 pandemic across 76 emerging and developing economies (EDEs) to identify lessons on how to make these systems more resilient against risks, shocks, and crises at the individual, household, or national level. The COVID-19 pandemic...

Mind the gap evaluates the progress in strengthening social protection and labor systems in emerging and developing economies (EDEs) in three areas: coverage, adequacy of benefits for the poor, and level of financing. The paper explores policy options to reduce the coverage and income gap for...

This report examines the state of pension and social insurance systems globally, focusing on old-age income protection. It analyzes expenditure, coverage, adequacy of benefits, and sustainability of both contributory and non-contributory pension schemes. The report highlights the impact of...

This paper examines the design and implementation of labor market (LM) programs to address employment challenges across diverse economic contexts. LM programs are critical in enhancing employment opportunities, increasing productivity, and fostering resilience among workers. The analysis...