"This book is designed primarily for upper undergraduate and graduate courses in spatial data analysis, geographic information systems (GIS), and quantitative geography/social science. It serves as a critical resource for students who are ready to embark on their academic journey in these...

Counterfactual framework and assumptions -- Conventional methods for data balancing -- Sample selection and related models -- Propensity score matching and related models -- Matching estimators -- Propensity score analysis with nonparametric regression -- Selection bias and sensitivity analysis...