This paper explores the European Framework Programme (FP) for Research and Innovation's (R&I) evolution over the last two decades, focusing on its integration of Transformative Innovation Policy (TIP) elements. Our objective is to assess whether the European Framework Programme for R&I has...

This paper argues that portfolio theory provides a powerful tool to make research funding decisions. Yet it is not applied in practice, and the most common approach is merit-based funding. As decisions are generally delegated to specialised public organisations, this is possibly explained by the...