Despite having developed a comprehensive and highly-rated regulatory policy system (so-called 'better regulation'), involving consultation, impact assessments, evaluation, inter-institutional commitment and independent oversight, the European Union continues to face criticism for the volume,...

Three steps should be taken to improve the efficiency of the European Union's energy system: 1) enhance transparency through open data and modelling, 2) better integrate network planning with policy targets and across borders, and 3) strengthen alignment of national policies and plans. As the EU...

There is broad agreement that the European Union's post-2030 climate policy architecture - the framework of rules to reduce greenhouse gas emissions - needs to be simpler and more flexible, with market actors less constrained in how they mitigate emissions. However, simplification should not...

The war in Ukraine has demonstrated how battlefields are evolving rapidly, with new technologies shaping military strategy and tactics. Increasingly, these new technologies are being provided by startup firms, rather than by established contractors. To incorporate these new firms into the...

The European Commission plays the primary role in enforcing the European Union's digital rules, but is under pressure to relax enforcement to avoid retaliation from the United States. In this context, it risks succumbing and undermining its own authority, or resisting so strongly that it...

For the 2028-2034 European Union budget (Multiannual Financial Framework, MFF), the European Commission has proposed to integrate cohesion, agricultural, migration and security policies - until now, standalone budget components - into a single framework, structured around National and Regional...

Asset managers work on behalf of asset owners, such as pension funds and insurance companies, allocating their holdings of household or other savings. In Europe, the market share of United States asset managers is rising, while that of their European counterparts is declining. US asset managers...

Mobilising domestic revenue in lower-income countries has become more urgent in the face of rising debts, tighter global financial conditions, climate pressures and weakening aid inflows. In this context, the 2025 Sevilla Commitment, in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development...

Europe's labour and social institutions need urgent reform in order to grasp the opportunities offered by globalisation and avoid the threats. But the notion of a single 'European social model' is largely unhelpful for thinking about reforms. Of the four main models operating in Europe, the...

The single currency was expected to make the balance of payments irrelevant between the euro-area member states. This benign view has been challenged by recent developments, especially as imbalances between euro-area central banks have widened within the TARGET2 settlement system....