conditions. A key factor in this process was the EU's role as a provider of technical expertise and policy knowledge. Although … the EU did not impose specific reforms, its control over policy-relevant knowledge and technical expertise structured the … knowledge provision in shaping national reforms beyond direct political or economic leverage. The findings underscore the subtle …

) examine the relative importance of different channels behind this development and highlight weakened knowledge diffusion from … license to the follower, trading off higher static profits against faster follower catch-up through knowledge diffusion. We …