Each year the European Commission draws up a Report on the monitoring of the application of Community law, in response to requests made by the European Parliament (resolution of 9 February 1983) and the Member States (point 2 of Declaration No 19 annexed to the Treaty signed at Maastricht on 7...

This background note analyses the institutional and legal implications of the use of soft law instruments on the EU level. It begins with introducing the concept of soft law in EU law. The discussion then follows with defining various categories of Community soft law that have been developed by...

The Treaties set up an integrated judicial system between national courts and the European Court of Justice (ECJ), in which national judges are at the forefront of the application of Community law in the Member States. The co-operation between national courts and the ECJ is organised by the...

This note takes into consideration the evolution of the legal basis of the private international law rules common to the Member States and sets out to distinguish the following stages and categories of private international law legislation within the context of Europe: - private international...