In many branch-and-price algorithms, the column generation subproblem consists of computing feasible constrained paths. In the capacitated arc-routing problem (CARP), elementarity constraints concerning the edges to be serviced and additional constraints resulting from the branch-and-bound...

This paper presents the first full-fledged branch-and-price (bap) algorithm for the capacitated arc-routing problem (CARP). Prior exact solution techniques either rely on cutting planes or the transformation of the CARP into a node-routing problem. The drawbacks are either models with inherent...

For many years now, sociologists are discussing new mechanisms of social integration in modern societies. Referring to this debate and drawing on two different fields of research - fair trade business and care for the elderly - this article argues that one of these mechanisms can be found in new...