The 1985 Product Liability Directive (PLD) is currently being revised, with a view to adapting European Union product liability rules to the digital economy and new technologies. The ongoing discussion focuses on technical issues and apparently takes it for granted that the PLD as it stands...

This paper investigates whether EU or national law provide legal authority to impose a direct or indirect obligation on Standard Essential Patent (“SEP”) holders to license at all levels of the value chain, including at component level (“license to all”, hereafter LTA). Extensive...

Under Council Directive 85/374/EEC, liability crucially depends upon the proof of a product's defectiveness. This central notion of the Directive has however long been the source of debate about the extent to which it is grounded in a solely safety-based approach, or whether a risk-benefit...