Ports boost market access to other cities and ports, driving trade and connectivity. Port development imposes local costs, including land use, pollution, and noise. Ports don't spur growth in their own cities, as local costs offset benefits. Nearby cities gain from ports, fueling regional and...

Ports boost market access to other cities and ports, driving trade and connectivity. Port development imposes local costs, including land use, pollution, and noise. Ports don't spur growth in their own cities, as local costs offset benefits. Nearby cities gain from ports, fueling regional and...