We explore three ways to classify mutual funds as ESG-oriented: by their names, their voting records, and their holdings. ESG-named funds and ESG-voting funds tend to be smaller than non-ESG funds, and spread their investment over more individual companies. They never control more than a quarter...

I study how fund families’ simultaneous debt and equity holdings affect risk shifting by portfolio firms. Families generate more income from debt in one-third of their dual holding positions; I argue their equity in those positions is captured. Firms with more captured dual holders exhibit...

This paper provides novel evidence that similarity in employees' political attitudes plays a role in mergers and acquisitions. Using detailed data on individual campaign contributions to Democrats and Republicans, our estimates show that firms are considerably more likely to announce a merger,...