Global population and income trends continue to increase world food demand and an “upscaling” of diets to include more animal proteins. In response, cost and efficiency driven intensification of cropping and livestock operations has created substantive environmental concerns including...

We propose a risk-neutral second best toll pricing (SBTP) scheme to account for the possible nonuniqueness of user equilibrium solutions. The scheme is designed to optimize for the expected objective value as the UE solution varies within the solution set. We show that such a risk-neutral scheme...