Trade, agricultural production and the corresponding environmental outcomes are interdependent. First, we illustrate this interdependence analytically and show that the direction of the relationship between trade and environmental outcomes is theoretically ambiguous. Next, we empirically examine...

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use in agricultural production is a significant determinant of surface water quality. As climate changes, agricultural producers are likely to adapt at extensive and intensive margins in terms of land and per acre input use, including fertilizers. These changes can affect...

The interactive APEX (i_APEX) is a user friendly interface for the physical process and environmental fate model, Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) (Williams et al., 2006, 2008; Williams and Izaurralde, 2006; Gassman et al., 2010). I_APEX is programmed in C++ and performs automatic...

A tool for managing large numbers of APEX runs, handling data input and output. Program Components: • ACCESS Database: Contains input tables used by i_APEX to construct APEX runs and output tables to organize APEX output. • Graphical User Interface: Allows for single runs and ranges...