In recent years, academics and health and humanitarian organizations are calling for ‘people-centered’ approaches, making beneficiaries’ preferences central to decisions making. While substantial progress has been made in capturing beneficiaries’ needs in resource allocation models, the...

Several developing countries' emergency transportation systems (ETS) do not have a centralized emergency number. Instead, they have many independent ambulance providers, each with a small number of ambulances. As a result, ETS in these contexts lack coordination and ambulances. We examine three...