Traditional land subsidence indices primarily describe the characteristics of land subsidence at a given site, but such indicators cannot satisfy the requirements for effective land management. We propose a new index system called the point-line-area-volume (PLAV) index system, designed to...

Substantial economic losses, building damage, and loss of life have been caused by secondary disasters that result from strong earthquakes. Earthquake disaster chains occur when secondary disasters take place in sequence. In this paper, we summarize 23 common earthquake disaster chains, whose...