A key challenge in cartel enforcement is identifying collusive agreements. We study two major Nordic procurement cartels that operated in the asphalt paving market. We find evidence that during the cartel period bids were clustered and the winning bid was isolated. We implement two cartel...

This paper studies the practice of environmental requirements in the allocation of public contracts (Green Public Procurement, GPP) under two different regulation periods. More specifically, the effect of GPP and revised regulation (including increased GPP ambitions) on competition, bids, and...

A key challenge in cartel enforcement is identifying collusive agreements. We study two major Nordic procurement cartels that operated in the asphalt paving market. We find evidence that during the cartel period bids were clustered and the winning bid was isolated. We implement two cartel...