References -- Appendices -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Effective policy framework to deal with carbon leakage -- What is carbon leakage and how to evaluate the risk? -- -- Identification of Nordic industries at risk of carbon leakage -- Executive summary.

This study presents new, nearly EU wide estimates of the level of subsidies to company cars. In addition it also provides some preliminary rough illustrations of the possible effects of such subsidies on economic welfare and environment and discuses the policy implications.